IETA’s policy paper sets out key issues for carbon markets at COP30, covering implementation challenges under Articles 6.2 and 6.4, early findings from Technical Expert Reviews, and ongoing debates on permanence, authorisation and MCUs. It reviews CDM transition progress, highlights non-negotiated initiatives such as the TFFF, AAA6 and CGCM Shared Principles, and links market alignment to the Baku-to-Belém climate-finance roadmap and the new NCQG.
Published by IETA and PwC, this sentiment survey examines expectations across ETS, CBAM, CORSIA, Article 6 and the voluntary carbon market. It finds cautious optimism, persistent uncertainty on timelines and governance, and convergence around integrity, transparency and long-term price signals heading toward 2030.
Published by multiple organisations, this open letter raises concerns about proposed Article 6.4 rules that could exclude land-based activities. It recommends revising standards on non-permanence, baselines, leakage and stakeholder engagement to ensure all eligible reductions and removals can participate with high integrity.
A CI-Rare-NCMA deep dive mapping non-carbon market approaches for blue carbon ecosystems. It sets out how coastal NbS can mobilize finance beyond credit sales through policy, blended finance, and performance-based tools, and details the institutional, social and financial enabling conditions needed for success
Developed by IMD and UNIL, this practical guide explains how voluntary biodiversity credits (VBCs) can finance conservation and restoration while supporting business biodiversity goals. It contrasts VBCs with carbon credits, sets integrity criteria, and offers a step-by-step buyer checklist. Emphasises outcome-based biodiversity measurement, credible MRV, Indigenous participation, and transparency as foundations of a high-quality VBC market.
Published by The Nature Conservancy, this explainer summarises COP29 decisions that operationalise Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, covering authorisations, registries, and reporting, and explains implications for NDCs, REDD+, and voluntary carbon markets.
A realist literature review commissioned by FSD Africa and FCDO assessing social, economic, and environmental impacts of carbon markets in LMICs. It finds that inclusive governance, upfront finance, and higher carbon prices drive better outcomes for communities, while poor design and low prices heighten risks.
FAO’s 2025 Global Forest Resources Assessment shows forests still cover 4.14 billion ha, 32% of Earth’s land, but nearly 11 million ha are lost each year. The rate of deforestation is slowing, while restoration and protected areas expand, offering mixed progress toward global forest and climate goals.
Published by Carbon Direct and JPMorgan Chase (Oct 2025), this whitepaper sets principles for financing VCM projects that deliver measurable biodiversity alongside carbon. Focus on ARR/IFM, portfolio-level reporting, non-fungibility of biodiversity, and practical, project-level MMRV design.
Published by OIES and Trafigura, this Energy Insight explains how to operationalize Article 6 markets after the completion of the COP29 Rulebook, covering host-country frameworks, transaction models (6.2 and 6.4), compliance market growth, and the legal, financial and reporting infrastructure needed to scale a global carbon market.