Published by Margaret Morales, this benchmark report analyses how nature-based carbon projects are financed, including primary funding sources, barriers to accessing capital, and the role of offtake agreements in unlocking lower-cost project finance in voluntary carbon markets.
Published by SE Advisory Services, this report analyses corporate demand for carbon credits, showing how buyers are prioritising high-integrity standards, nature-based credits and portfolio diversification, and identifying barriers and incentives shaping near-term growth in voluntary carbon markets.
Published by Fair Carbon, this policy brief assesses blue carbon readiness across regions, identifying policy, institutional and financing conditions needed to scale high-integrity mangrove and coastal wetland credits, strengthen safeguards, and mobilise investment aligned with national climate and development goals.
ICVCM’s report assesses progress in implementing the Core Carbon Principles, showing how CCP-approved programs and methodologies are strengthening market integrity, restoring buyer confidence, and supporting alignment between voluntary markets, national policies and Article 6.
IETA’s report provides a detailed overview of compliance and voluntary carbon markets in 2025. It reviews Article 6 readiness, ETS growth, CORSIA’s first operational phase, evolving VCM demand signals and the rise of high-integrity credits. The report analyses governance gaps, data and registry interoperability, legal clarity and digital MRV as critical enablers of scale. It highlights how emerging policy frameworks and corporate demand are driving a new phase of integration across global carbon markets.
Published by AFD, this briefing examines the structural complexity of carbon credits and the institutional factors shaping carbon market integrity. It details technical risks, additionality, permanence, over-crediting, leakage and double counting, and how information asymmetry affects credit quality. The paper reviews ICVCM, VCMI, Article 6 and registry reforms, arguing that alignment with NDCs, legal clarity and transparent infrastructure are essential for a high-integrity VCM.
This UNFCCC draft decision text sets out updated rules for Article 6.4 ahead of CMA7, including baselines, non-permanence, reversals, leakage, stakeholder engagement, sustainable development safeguards and issuance. It outlines governance requirements that shape eligibility and integrity for nature-based and other crediting activities across markets.
This UNFCCC draft CMA7 decision text outlines updated guidance for implementing Article 6.2 cooperative approaches. It provides detailed rules on authorisation of mitigation outcomes, reporting and tracking obligations, review processes, registries, corresponding adjustments and transparency requirements. The text defines how participating Parties must account for internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (ITMOs) and clarifies interfaces with national inventory systems. The draft also has implications for alignment between Article 6 mechanisms and the VCM, particularly on authorisation, double counting and reporting integrity.
Published by multiple organisations, this open letter raises concerns about proposed Article 6.4 rules that could exclude land-based activities. It recommends revising standards on non-permanence, baselines, leakage and stakeholder engagement to ensure all eligible reductions and removals can participate with high integrity.
Published by The Nature Conservancy, this explainer summarises COP29 decisions that operationalise Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, covering authorisations, registries, and reporting, and explains implications for NDCs, REDD+, and voluntary carbon markets.